Egypt’s education sector underwent a seismic shift in 2024, driven by sweeping policy reforms, mounting economic pressures, and a push to attract global attention. From an overhaul of the Thanaweya Amma system to the rollout of a foundation year for universities, the government sought to modernize the education system while grappling with the financial fallout of the float of the EGP. The year brought both hurdles and opportunities, reshaping the landscape for students, parents, educators, and investors. Here’s how the sector evolved over the past 12 months.

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The start of 2024 saw Egypt announce sweeping reforms to the Thanaweya Ammasystem, aiming to bring it in line with international standards like the British IGCSE and the American SAT admission tests. The new model, set to roll out in the 2026-27 academic year, will allow students to choose from flexible academic tracks beyond the current science and literature divisions. “The system is being developed alongside industry professionals and international experts so it is up to par with international standards,” a source from the Education Ministry told EnterpriseAM at the time.

The revamped system will introduce significant changes to high school grading. Only six subjects will count toward the final grades of first- and second-year students in high school, down from ten and eight, respectively. Meanwhile, third-year students will only take five graded subjects instead of seven. Second foreign languages, geology, psychology, and religious studies will all become pass/fail subjects, meaning they won’t impact the final grade.

The reforms have been met with mixed reactions: While the move could ease student pressures and curb private tutoring, concerns linger over rushed implementation and teacher readiness. Private schools remain optimistic, citing sustained demand for international education, though private investment faces hurdles from rising costs and regulatory challenges. The government is working to balance the sector by improving access and encouraging private sector growth, but the system’s true impact remains to be seen.

Another major change on the horizon is the formal introduction of a foundation yearsystem , set to roll out by 2025-26. Designed as a credit-hour program, the system allows students to boost their scores with bonus points expected to range between 5-10%, making previously inaccessible faculties attainable. While optional, the program excludes public universities, pushing demand toward private institutions. Other legislative amendments are currently in progress, with plans to standardize regulations in line with international norms, making Egypt a competitive hub for education tourism and reducing the need for students to study abroad.

The government is also shaking up grading for Arabic, religion, social studies, and history in international schools. Beginning September 2025, these subjects will count toward end-of-year grades for international school students, contributing 10% each. The changes aim to strengthen national identity, with subjects taught across various grades. While officials call it a move in the right direction, parents and some schools argue it disrupts international curricula. Schools are preparing alternative proposals, but the Education Ministry has so far remained firm in the decision.

Educators, parents, and students felt the full impact of the float, as soaring costs strained Egypt’s education sector across the board. International and private schools struggled to balance rising operational expenses with government-imposed tuition caps, leaving many institutions on precarious financial footing. Schools faced mounting challenges, from skyrocketing FX-linked teacher salaries to higher fuel and material costs, prompting a wave of negotiations with the Education Ministry for more flexible tuition policies. Parents, meanwhile, braced for higher fees and ancillary costs, such as transportation and uniforms, as schools sought to pass on some of the financial strain.

The gov’t wants to attract more foreign students to ease FX pressures: Schools have rolled out installment plans and creative cost-cutting measures, while universities have leaned on foreign students and international partnerships to mitigate the financial blow. Study abroad programs, hit hard by the volatile exchange rate, have been reimagined with shorter, more affordable alternatives and scholarship opportunities for exceptional students. At the same time, government efforts to internationalize education — by attracting more Arab and African students — are helping to offset FX pressures and position Egypt as a regional education hub.

So, how have international student numbers held up? The government is pushing to attract 200k international students to Egyptian universities by 2030, targeting USD 2 bn in education tourism revenue. Enrollment has been steadily climbing, with 30k international students expected this year, up from 26k last year and just 8.3k in 2018-19. Flagship schools like Cairo University, Mansoura University, and Alexandria University are the top choices, partly due to their accreditation by Gulf-based education ministries. However, higher tuition fees could test the appeal, with popular faculties like medicine now costing USD 8k, up from USD 2.1k in 2021. Additionally, while the influx of foreign students boosts cultural exchange and revenue, it’s also tightening competition for seats, raising public university admissions thresholds for Egyptian students.

Egypt’s transnational higher ed sector sees steady growth: Egypt’s higher education landscape now hosts over 100 foreign institutions operating through international branch campuses (IBCs), joint and dual degrees, franchises, and other partnerships. The government’s push is driven by a booming youth population, limited local capacity, and demand for affordable alternatives to overseas education amid FX pressures.

But it’s not all smooth sailing: FX shortages have stalled construction on new campuses, regulatory gaps for non-IBC models leave room for confusion, and private investors are footing hefty bills for IBC infrastructure. While the UK leads the pack, growth from Germany and the US is picking up as the market diversifies. Meanwhile, Egypt still faces brain drain, with more students opting to study abroad despite the local push.

The government is also exploring stricter regulation of foreign teachers in Egypt, evaluating a proposal from the Teachers Syndicate to require foreign educators to obtain licenses before working in international schools or tutoring centers. The plan aims to verify qualifications, establish a comprehensive registry, and channel license fees into salary increases and infrastructure upgrades. While international schools are already monitored, critics say private tutoring centers and language institutes — where unqualified teachers often work — pose a bigger challenge. Rising operational costs and FX instability are also pushing some schools to reduce reliance on foreign teachers.

Speaking of private tutoring centers, the Ministry’s new AI platform seeks to shake things up: The ministry is piloting an AI-powered platform aimed at cutting reliance on costly private lessons. Accessible to students in public, private, and language schools via a code-based system, the platform offers interactive learning tools, progress tracking, and automated grading. Public school students can use it for free, while private school students will pay a small fee.

What’s next for national universities? Eight new national universities are set to open nextyear in locations including Cairo, Kafr El Sheikh, Sohag, and New Valley, bringing the total to 28. These institutions aim to address rising demand for affordable, high-quality education with programs aligned to labor market needs. While offering mid-range tuition fees and modern curricula, challenges like accreditation and rural-urban disparities persist. Private sector involvement could play a bigger role as the government explores incentives to boost investment in underserved areas.

Plans to ramp up investments in private education: Egypt is betting on golden licenses to reignite private education investment, fast-tracking approvals and lowering barriers with tax breaks and reduced land requirements. With demand surging, the goal is 1k new schools by 2030, but insiders warn that without legislative reform and inflation-adjusted policies, the plan may fall short.