AMEA has another renewables project in the pipeline

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What We're Tracking Today

Iranian president could touch down in Cairo this week

Good morning, all. We’re kicking off one of the last weeks of the year with a brisk issue, giving us reason to believe that we’re inching closer to the end-of-year slowdown in local business news.

EGP WATCH-

The EGP fell to EGP 50.90 against the greenback at some banks on Thursday, down from 50.58 the day before. This new low comes after six weeks of steady declines in the value of the EGP, as authorities move toward allowing for more exchange rate flexibility.

Maturing short-term treasuries are driving the decline, says Goldman: Goldman Sachs economist for MENA Farouk Soussa told Bloomberg that the EGP’s drop is largely a result of a “huge spike” in the redemption of short-term T-bills, which comes as investors opt to maximize their year-end profits rather than roll over their positions.

Don’t get too discouraged by our slowly eroding purchasing power, though: Soussa is penciling in a rebound for the EGP in the new year, with the economist predicting that Central Bank of Egypt rate cuts in 1Q 2025 will lead to further treasury issuances — particularly of long-term T-bonds — that will offer investors a solid opportunity to re-enter the market, thus bolstering the EGP.

HAPPENING TODAY-

#1- The House is back in session after a two-week break: MPs have a busy day ahead as they discuss and vote on a number of draft laws and agreements, most prominently the draft cash-based subsidies bill to establish a Takaful and Karama fund to provide cash-based payments – MPs previously greenlit 22 of the 44 articles in the draft bill.

Also on the agenda: They will also continue discussions of the draft Criminal Procedures Law and vote on a number of agreements — a USD 500 mn financing program between GASC and the Abu Dhabi Exports Office to facilitate the provision of wheat and essential commodities, a financial cooperation agreement with Germany, and a protocol agreement with Russia for the Al Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant.

MPs will meet on Monday to discuss and vote on more draft bills and on Tuesday to hear Investment Minister Hassan El Khatib’s statement on the ministry’s efforts to attract investors.

#2- It’s day one of NEBU: Egypt’s annual International Exhibition for Gold and Jewelry NEBU kicks off today at the Egypt International Exhibition Center, bringing together over 150 companies and over 15k visitors. The three-day event is “designed to highlight creativity and innovation with a focus on business and investment on a regional and international scale while offering exhibitors, trade buyers, and visitors new trading opportunities.” You can find the link to register to attend on the event’s official website.

HAPPENING THIS WEEK-

Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian is coming to Cairo this week to attend the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation meeting, high-level Iranian sources told MD East News. Pezeshkian is expected to individually meet with several leaders on the sidelines, including Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

Remember: Egypt took over the rotating presidency of the D-8 cooperation and is heading the group until the end of 2025. During its time as president, Egypt aims to set up several networks, including those of economic research centers and diplomatic training centers that will benefit all D-8 member states — Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Turkey, and Egypt.

DATA POINT-

Some 19.7k people have applied to regularize the status of their vehicles that were imported taking advantage of facilities targeting those with disabilities, Finance Minister Ahmed Kouchouk said, adding that the Madbouly government has so far colled EGP 2.4 bn in dues from those who legalized the status of their vehicles.

Remember: The Madbouly government has been working to close a loophole that some have used to import cars without paying the necessary fees. Earlier this year, the cabinet approved a draft decision to amend the executive regulations of the law that governs the rights of people with disabilities, changing up the vehicle import system for those with disabilities, and making it more difficult for people to abuse.

PSA-

WEATHER- It’s another cold day in Cairo, with a high of 20°C and a low of 13°C, according to our favorite weather app.

It’s just as cold in Alexandria, with a high of 20°C and a low of 13°C.

** DID YOU KNOW that we now cover Saudi Arabia and the UAE?

** Were you forwarded this email? Tap or click here to get your own copy delivered every weekday before 7am Cairo time — without charge.

THE BIG STORY ABROAD-

Syria dominates the conversation on the global front pages this morning as business leaders the world over gird for the last really busy week ahead of what most hope will be a year-end slowdown.

IN SYRIA- Russia is backing out, but not completely, according to a Reuters exclusive, citing four Syrian officials. While the Russian military has been seen dismantling equipment at one of its Syrian bases, it will remain present at its two main bases with “no intention” of pulling out of the country.

The US is ready to recognize key opposition group Hayat Tahrir Al Sham as Syria’s government if it creates an inclusive government that represents the people of Syria, Secretary of State Antony Blinken said yesterday following his latest trip to the region.

AND- South Korea’s parliament impeached President Yoon Suk Yeol yesterday. Yoon narrowly avoided impeachment earlier this month for briefly imposing martial law. Prime Minister Han Duck-soo will serve as acting president, promising to "stabilize the situation” and “bring back normalcy for the people.” (AP | The Guardian | BBC | Financial Times)

ALSO- ABC News will pay USD 15 mn to Donald Trump’s foundation and museum as part of a settlement in a defamation lawsuit after one of its anchors claimed the president-elect had been found “liable for rape.” (Bloomberg | AP | BBC | CNN)

IN THE BUSINESS PAGES- Joe Biden looks set to block Nippon Steel’s USD 15 bn acquisition of US Steel. Tech CEOs are “bending the knee” to President-elect Donald Trump, the WSJ and CNBC note.

And the AI arms race continues to heat up, with OpenAI still set to unveil new features as part of what it had originally (and oh-so-badly) dubbed 12 Day of Shipmas while Google has unveiled a new look, additional features, and a corporate subscription to its hot NotebookLM.

AMEA Power is setting up a 5 GW wind project in Egypt

AMEA to invest an additional USD 600 mn in Egypt’s renewables sector: UAE’s AMEA Power will set up a USD 600 mn, 5 GW wind power project in the Gulf of Suez in cooperation with the Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company and the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), according to a cabinet statement.

(Tap or click the headline above to read this story with all of the links to our background as well as external sources.)

The timeline: The project is set to be completed by the first quarter of 2026, AMEA Power Chairman Hussain Al Nowais told Asharq Business.

A busy weekend for AMEA: The announcement of the fresh investments came during the inauguration of AMEA Power’s new 500 MW Abydos solar plant in Kom Ombo, which was built on an area of 10k sqm with investments of some USD 500 mn.The plant will generate electricity for 256k homes and reduce emissions by 760 tons annually.

Behind the funding: The project received funding from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Dutch Entrepreneurial Development Bank (FMO), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and Power China, which was also the main contractor.

Remember: The Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company will purchase the energy generated by the solar plant for 25 years as per a previously-inked offtake agreement.

AMEA has a whole lotta renewable projects in the pipeline: The firm is working on a 500 MW wind farm in Ras Ghareb that is lined up for completion by mid-2025 as well as a 1 GW solar power plant with 600 MWh battery storage system in Benban — expected to be Africa’s largest.

DATA POINT- AMEA has so far invested over USD 2 bn into the Egyptian renewables market across five projects that produce a combined 3 GW, Al Nowais said.

Brace for more renewables: There’s a plan to launch renewable projects with a combined capacity of 10 GW and combined investments of USD 10 bn from 2023-2028 under the government’s Nexus for Food, Water, and Energy initiative (NWFE), Planning and International Development Minister Rania Al Mashat said during the inauguration ceremony.

In the short term: The Madbouly government has put forward an urgent plan to add 4 GW of renewables to Egypt’s national grid to secure the country’s energy needs by next summer, Prime Minister Moustafa Madbouly said.

Part of a wider plan: This push is part of a broader plan to secure the country's energy needs amid declining natural gas production and expanding electricity interconnection projects to enable exports to surrounding countries. Egypt plans to source 42% of its energy from renewables by 2030.

PHD, El Tarek Auto up their stakes in Taaleem

PHD, El Tarek Automotive snap up additional shares in Taaleem: Palm Hills Development (PHD) and El Tarek Automotive have bought up CI Capital’s entire 13.1% stake in higher education outfit Taaleem, Asharq Business reports citing sources with knowledge of the transaction.

(Tap or click the headline above to read this story with all of the links to our background as well as external sources.)

PHD purchased an additional 22.1 mn shares — equivalent to a 3.02% stake — in Taaleem for an average of EGP 10.5 a pop in an EGP 231.6 mn transaction, according to an EGX disclosure (pdf). This brings PHD’s stake in Taaleem to 32.61%, after the property development acquired Chairman Yasseen Mansour’s 29.6% stake in an EGP 1.9 bn transaction back in October.

El Tarek Automotive and its affiliates purchased an additional 10% stake — represented in 74 mn shares — in Taaleem for a total of EGP 725 mn, bringing their total stake in the firm up to 14%. The transaction makes the auto player and its companies the third largest shareholder in Taaleem.

PHD and Taaleem have been doing plenty of business together: PHD and Taaleem inaugurated Badya University — a joint venture between the two sides — in New October City back in September.

PHD has big education plans, here and abroad: The real estate player will set up 15 international schools in Saudi Arabia under a partnership agreement inked with Saudi investment group Dallah Albaraka subsidiary Dallah Real Estate that will also see them develop integrated, multi-use urban projects. Mansour said in September that PHD plans to set up 10 schools in the country within the next 10 years.

Egypt and China talk cooperation, regional developments during latest strategic dialogue

It was one busy weekend on the diplomacy front, with President Abdel Fattah El Sisi and Foreign Minister Badr Abdelatty holding talks with global leaders focused on cooperation and regional developments.

(Tap or click the headline above to read this story with all of the links to our background as well as external sources.).

Egyptian-Chinese strategic dialogue: Abdelatty was in Beijing to head the fourth Egyptian-Chinese strategic dialogue alongside his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi, according to a statement. The talks focused on strengthening diplomatic, economic, trade, investment, cultural, and tourism ties, emphasizing Chinese role in Egypt’s development. Abdelatty also invited Wang to visit Egypt next year for a joint governmental committee meeting.

Regional issues were also on the agenda, with both ministers discussing the latest in Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria. They called for respecting Syria’s sovereignty and independence and voiced their support for a ceasefire agreement between Israel and Lebanon.

Abdelatty also met with Chinese automotive and aviation players during his trip. He held talks with the VP of auto player Great Wall Motor, where he highlighted the latest state efforts and incentives introduced to support investors looking to step into Egypt’s auto market. Abdelatty also met with the CEO of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China.

The story was picked up by: Reuters | Xinhua.

REGION’S LA IN FOCUS-

Abdelatty made the rounds over the weekend, receiving phone calls from his Tunisian counterpart Mohamed Nafti and his Emirati counterpart Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan. Both conversations centered around the situation in Syria with Abdelatty reiterating the need to respect the country’s sovereignty and the need to ensure the security and stability of the Syrian people.

ALSO- El Sisi and Abdelatty discussed regional developments with US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan and White House Coordinator for the Middle East and North Africa Brett McGurk, according to an Ittihadiya statement. The meeting focused on joint efforts to reach a ceasefire agreement in Gaza as well as recent developments in Syria and Lebanon.

Regional developments were also the focus of a phone call between El Sisi and Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani, according to an Ittihadiya statement. The conversation also saw both sides touch on strengthening economic, trade, and investment relations.

Arab diplomacy takes center stage on the airwaves as Syria’s future hangs in the balance.

In another night focused on the situation in Syria, El Hekaya’s Amr Adib brought us coverage of the Arab Ministerial Contact Committee on Syria meeting in Aqaba yesterday.

(Tap or click the headline above to read this story with all of the links to our background as well as external sources.)

Foreign ministers including our own Badr Abdelatty released a 17-point statementfollowing the meeting, where they voiced their support for a “peaceful, inclusive Syrian political transitional process, in which all Syrian political and social forces are represented” and highlighted the “necessity of an immediate cessation of all military operations.” Egypt also condemned Israel’s military actions in Syria’s buffer zone and condemned the Israeli attacks targeting Syria’s military infrastructure. Abdelatty held meetings with a number of his counterparts from the US, Turkey, and France on the sidelines of the meeting.

The meeting was an attempt by Arab countries to “catch up with Syria and have a say in the situation,” according to Adib (watch, runtime: 10:43), who added that “it remains unclear whether Arab countries will be be able to play a role in Syria in the future.”

What to expect next: “It is unlikely that the Syrian people at this point would choose anyone other than he who saved them from Bashar Al Assad,” Adib said, adding that he expects the transitional government to stay in power until March — likely followed by elections.

ALSO- Al Ahly lost to Mexico’s Pachuca in a 6-5 penalty shootout during the Intercontinental Cup semi-final last night. “Al Ahly wasted an easy win against the Mexican team. The team lost for no apparent reason,” said Adib (watch, runtime 5:39).

Egypt: A go-to destination for vacationing on a budget

Egypt emerges as a prime budget-friendly destination for European tourists: Data from Germany-headquartered tourism group TUI shows that European travelers on a budget are flocking over to countries including Egypt, Tunisia, and and Bulgaria for their annual breaks rather than countries like Spain, where the cost of a trip remains at a “significantly higher level” compared with 2019, The Guardian writes.

“We also see quite often new customers who have less income but still want to travel, and they have a budget of EUR 800-1k per vacation, and if they don’t see it in Spain, then they look for alternatives, and they find alternatives,” the publication quotes Tui CEO Sebastian Ebel as saying.

Egypt has big tourism ambitions for the remainder of the decade: The Madbouly government plans to attract 25 mn tourists annually by 2030.

Cairo Metro Line 6 to move forward following action plan agreement with France

TRANSPORT-

Egypt and France signed an action plan to set up Cairo Metro Line 6, which will see Egis and Setec submit the technical specifications required to implement the project to the National Authority for Tunnels (NAT) for review, according to a statement. French rolling stock manufacturer Alstom will submit its technical and fiscal offers to the government for review under the action plan. The Transport Ministry will head monthly meetings to follow up on the plan, according to the statement. The 26-station, 38.6-km line aims to ease congestion on Line 1 and will link Shubra El Kheima in the north to New Maadi in the south. Extensions to New Cairo are under study.

(Tap or click the headline above to read this story with all of the links to our background as well as external sources.)

Alstom aims to submit its offers next May and the technical specifications should be done and submitted in January, Managing Director of Alstom Egypt Ramy Salah Eldeen said, according to Al Borsa. He explained that the consortium carrying out the project will work with local players like Petrojet, Arab Contractors, and Orascom Construction to carry out the project.

Remember: Alstom signed a framework agreement with NAT to design, build and maintain Cairo Metro Line 6 back in 2022 — the two sides followed through on the agreement this year. Alstom will establish an industrial complex in Borg El Arab to produce rail components. Egypt and France signed an MoU to localize the railway industry and implement Metro Line 6 earlier this year.

PHARMA-

A group of local pharma players wants to set up a USD 150-200 mn pharma raw materials factory next year, Asharq Business reports citing state-owned Arab Company for Drug Industries and Medical Appliances (ACDIMA) — one of the companies part of the consortium — chairman Olfat Ghorab. The consortium will also include the Suez Canal Economic Zone and Eipico.

No surprise there: The government has been wanting to create a regional hub for pharma raw materials to meet local market needs and regional exports with ACDIMA and Eipico tapped to break ground on the project.

EVS-

Infinity is setting up an EV charging network in Jordan: Our friends at renewables company Infinity have partnered up with Jordan’s Middle East Holding to set up Infinity Jordan, which will develop a nationwide EV charging network with over 1k charging points planned over the next five years, according to a press release (pdf ). The first phase of the stations will go live in 2Q 2025, supported by an application for EV users.

What they said: “With Jordan’s EV market growing rapidly, Infinity Jordan will serve as a driving force for creating the infrastructure needed to support this growth, empowering businesses and individuals to embrace cleaner and more sustainable modes of transportation,” Infinity co-founder and CEO Nayer Fouad said.

DEBT-

NERIC secured syndicated loan to fund new factory: The National Egyptian Railway Industries Company (NERIC) has secured an EGP 5 bn syndicated loan from the National Bank of Egypt, CIB, and the Arab African International Bank, according to a statement from the Transport Ministry. The funds will fund NERIC’s factory in East Port Said, which will require investments of EGP 4.3 bn during its first phase.

The details: The first phase, set to kick off operations mid-2025, will produce railcars and metro cars. During its second phase, the factory will start manufacturing rolling stock for the monorail, high-speed train, and light electric train, while the third phase involves upgrading old metro and railway vehicles.

RENEWABLES-

#1- Abu Qir Fertilizers is going green: EGX-listed fertilizer manufacturing giant Abu Qir Fertilizers inked two agreements aimed at helping it make operations more sustainable, according to a statement. The first agreement will see MPS Infrastructure supply Abu Qir with green hydrogen to help it reduce its natural gas use, helping the company boost production and apply the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The second agreement will see ABB Group install an advanced automation control system at the Abu Qir ammonia plant — which will soon start partially relying on green hydrogen — to reduce natural gas consumption in boilers by 2-4%.

#2- Misr Cement to establish two new solar plants: Misr Cement Group signed an agreement with Solarize Egypt that will see the two develop a 40 MW solar power project, Misr Cement Group said in a statement. Each of the solar plants will generate 48 mn kWh per year for Misr Cement Group’s factories in Minya and Qena.

INVESTMENT-

Efforts to bring US investors to the local healthcare scene: Investment Minister Hassan El Khatib held a virtual meeting with some 40 US healthcare players where he showcased the many available investments in the local healthcare sector, according to a statement. US Ambassador to Egypt Herro Mustafa Garg highlighted the USD 30-40 bn available investments in Egypt’s healthcare sector that US players can tap. The Madbouly government wants to double the number of hospital beds in the country from 142k to 300k and increase the role of the private sector in the Universal Healthcare Ins. scheme.

COMMODITIES-

Cotton trading resumes: Cotton auctions will be held later today with around 170k quintals up for sale at initial prices of EGP 8-10k per quintal, Misr for Cotton Trading & Ginning Managing Director Ratiba Mahmoud told Al Borsa. This is set to be the first of several upcoming auctions, with their frequency set to increase in the coming period, she said, adding that another auction is expected to take place later this week offering a similar quantity.

Remember:Last month, the government temporarily suspended the local cotton trading system on the back of pricing issues that resulted from guaranteed prices for farmers set by the government significantly exceeding the crop’s current global market value, making it difficult to trade locally or internationally.

What about the guaranteed prices? The Finance Ministry will cover the EGP 2k price difference for companies, Mahmoud said.

Emerging IPO markets leapfrog London’s as it hits a 21st century low

Emerging markets like Malaysia and Oman have outperformed London — and European markets — in IPO activity this year, underscoring the rise of Middle Eastern and Asian exchanges as global IPO hubs, Bloomberg reports. The UAE, Oman, and Malaysia have secured higher rankings in Bloomberg’s global IPO venue list, with the UK landing the 20th place, while Oman secured the 14th spot, Saudi Arabia the 7th, and the UAE the highest at fifth globally. This marks a significant shift from London’s heyday as a staple IPO market.

(Tap or click the headline above to read this story with all of the links to our background as well as external sources.)

Middle East IPOs are thriving: The Middle East and Asia accounted for over half of global IPO IPO proceeds in 2024. Notable listings include Abu Dhabi-based Lulu Retail’s USD 1.7 bn offering and a USD 2 bn IPO by a unit of Oman’s state oil company. Dubai’s Talabat also completed a USD 2 bn IPO, now the world’s largest tech IPO of 2024.

London’s woes: London’s IPO market declined by 9% y-o-y to USD 1 bn in 2024, with the number of London-listed firms falling to the lowest on record. Only about a dozen companies listed on the LSE this year, none among the global top 100, with the largest raising a modest GBP 150 mn. The UK’s performance has been undermined by low valuations, cautious domestic investors, and increasing competition from other financial hubs.

A lot of delistings are another symptom of a bigger problem: In addition to the shrinking IPO pipeline, the UK stock market has faced a wave of delistings and takeovers. Some 45 companies exited the London Stock Exchange this year, marking the highest tally since 2010 — including big names such as Just Eat Takeaway.com and Ashtead Group moving each to the Netherlands and the United States — and many medium-cap firms acquired by private equity giants like KKR and EQT.

Things may look up: UK authorities are implementing sweeping reforms to revive its listing market, including easing rules on dual-class shares and disclosures. Several companies, including Shein and Canopius Group, are reportedly preparing to list in 2025. However, experts suggest that significant momentum is required to restore investor confidence and make the UK competitive again.

EGX30	30,795	+0.2% (YTD: +24.7%)
USD (CBE)	Buy 50.77	Sell 50.91
USD (CIB)	Buy 50.8	Sell 50.9
Interest rates (CBE)	27.25% deposit	28.25% lending
Tadawul	12,099	-0.4% (YTD: +1.40%)
ADX	9,265	-0.1% (YTD: -3.3%)
DFM	4,830	+0.4% (YTD: +19.0%)
S&P 500	6,051	0.0% (YTD: +26.9%)
FTSE 100	8,300	-0.1% (YTD: +7.3%)
Euro Stoxx 50	4,968	+0.1% (YTD: +9.9%)
Brent crude	USD 74.49	+1.5%
Natural gas (Nymex)	USD 3.28	-5.1%
Gold	USD 2,676	-1.2%
BTC	USD 100,914	-0.4% (YTD: +139.0%)

THE CLOSING BELL-

The EGX30 rose 0.2% at Thursday’s close on turnover of EGP 4.5 bn (7.2% above the 90-day average). Egyptian investors were the sole net buyers. The index is up 23.7% YTD.

In the green: GB Corp (+4.4%), Juhayna (+2.0%) and Emaar Misr (+1.4%).

In the red: Ezz Steel (-1.4%), E-Finance (-1.2%) and EFG Holding (-1.2%).

CALENDAR

2024

DECEMBER

12-21 December (Thursday-Saturday): Turathna handicrafts and heritage exhibition, Egypt International Exhibitions Center, Cairo

15 December (Sunday): MPs will reconvene in the House

15-17 December (Sunday-Tuesday): Nebu Expo for Gold & Jewelry, Cairo, Egypt

16-17 December (Monday-Tuesday): Mining World Conference 2024, London, UK

22 December (Sunday): The Nahda University Economic Forum’s third edition is set to take place

22 December (Sunday): Waha Connect 2024, New Assiut Technology Park, Egypt

26 December (Thursday): Central Bank of Egypt’s Monetary Policy Committee meeting

EVENTS WITH NO SET DATE

End of 2024: The launch of the high-speed train line linking Ain Sokhna with Al Alamein City

2025

January: CBE to launch InstaPay remittances for Egyptians abroad

February: Orascom Pyramids Entertainment to bring total investments in the Pyramids Plateau to EGP 1.5 bn

1 January (Wednesday): The minimum pension will increase to EGP 1.5k, and the maximum to EGP 11.6k

14 January (Tuesday): The 4th edition of the Egypt Economic Summit will take place.

28 January (Tuesday): Nigeria to inaugurate the USD 5 bn Africa Energy Bank in Abuja

17-19 February (Monday-Wednesday): EGYPES Technical Conference, Egypt International Exhibition Center, Cairo, Egypt.

18-19 February (Saturday-Sunday): German-Egyptian Joint Economic Committee meetings, Cairo, Egypt

7-10 April 2025 (Monday-Thursday): EFG Hermes One on One conference, Dubai, UAE

May 2025: Egyptian Exporters Association (Expolink) exhibition, Italy

July 2025: The first operational trail of Egypt-KSA electricity interconnection line.

March 2025: Operation of phase one of the Amotope wind farm

EVENTS WITH NO SET DATE

Early 2025: The Communications Ministry will unveil the second edition of its national AI strategy in early 2025

1H 2025: Digital Financial Identity Company will launch an electronic bank account opening service

1Q 2025: Eipico’s biopharma plant to begin operations

1Q 2025: Finance Ministry to launch public consultations on its tax policy document

2Q 2025: Financial Regulatory Authority (FRA) to introduce derivatives on the EGX

2Q 2025: Safaga Terminal 2 to start operations

Mid-2025: The Administrative Capital for Urban Developments to roll out the second phase of offering industrial plots to investors

2025: The InterAcademy Partnership assembly

2025: Nile Basin States Summit, Cairo, Egypt

2025: Release of the government’s Startup Charter document

2027

20 January-7 February: Egypt to host the African Games

EVENTS WITH NO SET DATE

End of 2027: Trial operations at the Dabaa nuclear power plant expected to take place

September 2028: First unit of the Dabaa nuclear power plant begins operations

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