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Scientists at the Netherlands’ University of Groningen have developed an energy-efficient cooling method for hydrogen that avoids using rare-earth materials, according to a study (pdf) published in October in Nature Communications journal. The research deploys a new, hybrid polymer material free of rare-earth elements with exceptional performance in moderate magnetic fields, making it a promising candidate for applications such as hydrogen gas liquefaction.
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How does it work? The magnetocaloric effect — characterized by the temperature change of a material under an applied magnetic field — can potentially replace the more energy-intensive, traditional vapor compression refrigeration methods. The technique uses materials that warm up when exposed to a magnetic field. The generated heat is then transferred to a “heat sink,” cooling the material and surroundings once the magnetic field is removed.”
The technique has big potential: The magnetic refrigeration approach promises larger thermodynamic efficiencies without relying on volatile refrigerants with high global warming potentials, which increases energy efficiency while reducing emissions. In addition, the used material’s performance in moderate magnetic fields, combined with its sustainable and cost-effective nature, makes it a promising candidate for future applications in magnetic refrigeration.
Why does this matter? In addition to reducing emissions and energy efficiency, the technique could cut the use of rare earth elements, which can have toxic effects on human health and serious environmental pollution due to long-term, large-scale mining and utilization, according to a 2024 study (pdf). The elements can enter the human body through various pathways, including inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion, leading to organ dysfunctions and genetic changes. Epidemiological studies have shown a significant accumulation of the elements in human blood, urine, and hair, particularly in areas near high-polluting factories and mining sites. The risks also include respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and reproductive system damage.
