{"id":639878,"date":"2024-08-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-15T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/2024\/08\/15\/a-brief-history-of-time-spent-in-bed\/"},"modified":"2024-08-15T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-08-15T00:00:00","slug":"a-brief-history-of-time-spent-in-bed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/2024\/08\/15\/a-brief-history-of-time-spent-in-bed\/","title":{"rendered":"A brief history of time (spent in bed)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1.15;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left\"> <strong>Catching Zs is a fact of life, but it didn\u2019t always mean dimming the lights, popping some<\/strong><strong> melatonin, and turning the white noise machine on.<\/strong> In fact, even sleeping through the night is a relatively modern development. Sleep as we know it has transformed from era to era and culture to culture \u2014 what works for us now may not have been practical or effective for our ancestors, and vice versa\u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1.15;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left\"><strong>\u2026Maybe. It may just be that sociological and technological advancements <\/strong>have forced us to restructure how we spend our time in bed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1.15;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left\"><strong>People have been philosophizing about the reason behind and benefit of a good night\u2019s <\/strong><strong>sleep since at least 450 BC.<\/strong> The first recorded instance came from Alcmaeon, an ancient Greek physician, who <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/bitesize\/articles\/zt4n3qt\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">believed<\/a> that our need for sleep was due to a poor circulation to the brain. Over 600 years later, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11618827\/\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">another<\/a> Greek philosopher, but this time one who was also a physician, (correctly) suggested that it was the brain that was responsible for consciousness (or lack thereof).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1.15;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left\"><strong>Why sleep once when you can sleep twice?<\/strong> In 2001, historian Roger Ekrich published <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ahr\/article-abstract\/106\/2\/343\/64370\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence<\/a> that our ancestors slept in phases instead of the long uninterrupted stretch we\u2019ve come to know (and love). Biphasic sleeping was noted in Homer\u2019s 8th century BC epic Odyssey, where the poet referred to \u201c <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/healthysleep.med.harvard.edu\/healthy\/matters\/history\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">the first sleep<\/a>.\u201d The period between the first and second stages of sleep (which took place from 9pm-11pm and then 1am-6am) were used for socializing, taking part in hobbies, or just lounging around. References to biphasic sleeping were found in literature from the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, suggesting that this was the norm for millenia across Europe, Africa, South East Asia, and Australia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1.15;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left\"><strong>Thomas Edison, inventor, businessman, enemy of sleep.<\/strong> For whatever reason, Edison thought sleep was bad for us, and a mark of laziness. \u201cThe person who sleeps 8 or 10 hours a night is never fully asleep, and never fully awake,\u201d he said. So he had no problem whatsoever watching our natural rhythm of sleep change drastically, and perhaps permanently.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1.15;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left\"><strong>In 1879, artificial light made its way into people\u2019s homes, and ushered in the extinction of<\/strong><strong> biphasic sleep.<\/strong> The widespread use of the lightbulb allowed people to stay up, work, or socialize during hours of darkness that otherwise would have immobilized those activities. To test the effect of artificial light on our sleep cycles, psychiatrist and scientist Thomas Wehr <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10607034\/\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">conducted<\/a> a sleep experiment in 1992, wherein volunteers were placed in an environment that was dark for 14 hours of the day. Wehr found that by the fourth week, the subjects slept an average of eight hours a night, but in two separate cycles, concluding that we have an inherent inclination for biphasic sleep patterns, and that artificial light interrupted it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1.15;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left\"><strong>More light, more work. Thanks, Edison. <\/strong>But the industrialized world thrived on this invention, which allowed people to work long after the sun had set, and ultimately changed our attitudes toward sleep. As the workday ate into our sleep schedule, even six hours a day became unattainable for the working class, who \u2014 without labor laws in place to account for this advancement \u2014 experienced a workday that stretched to no official end. This fueled labor movements in the early 19th century, most notably by the Welsh, who <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.todayifoundout.com\/index.php\/2011\/05\/why-a-typical-work-day-is-eight-hours-long\/\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">called<\/a> for eight hours of labor, eight hours of recreation, and eight hours of rest. And thus was the introduction of the eight-hour sleep cycle rule of thumb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1.15;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left\"><strong>Is it enough as it is?<\/strong> The 20th century saw a focus on the improvement of sleep quality, which had been steadily declining on a worldwide scale. Ekrich is convinced that the amount of people experiencing sleep disorders aren\u2019t experiencing a disorder at all, but \u201cremnant[s] or echoe[s] of [our] earlier pattern of sleep.\u201d The first sleeping pill, Barbital, was introduced in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sleep.hms.harvard.edu\/education-training\/public-education\/sleep-and-health-education-program\/sleep-health-education-101\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">1903<\/a>. By 1930, just 27 years after its introduction, experts estimated that the US alone had collectively ingested over <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/healthysleep.med.harvard.edu\/healthy\/matters\/history\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">1 bn<\/a> of them. Today, the pharmaceutical sleep industry is estimated to be worth <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/03\/23\/magazine\/how-did-sleep-become-so-nightmarish.html?_r=0\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">USD 32 bn<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1.15;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left\"><strong>I\u2019ll sleep when I\u2019m dead.<\/strong> Author of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Wild-Nights-Taming-Created-Restless\/dp\/0465061958\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Wild Nights: How Taming Sleep Created Our Restless<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Wild-Nights-Taming-Created-Restless\/dp\/0465061958\" style=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">World<\/a>, blames capitalist work ethics for the idea that sleep is wasted time indulged only by the laziest of us \u2014 an idea we have yet to shake off, judging by the number of executives that swear by a five-hour night. It\u2019s no coincidence that \u201cwhen it became more efficient to routinize work and have large numbers of people showing up on factory floors and doing as much work [as] possible\u201d is when the grind became the marker of success, wrote Reiss.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sleep as we know it has transformed from era to era and culture to culture<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":639879,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"single-feature.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"newspack_ads_suppress_ads":false,"newspack_popups_has_disabled_popups":false,"newspack_sponsor_sponsorship_scope":"","newspack_sponsor_native_byline_display":"inherit","newspack_sponsor_native_category_display":"inherit","newspack_sponsor_underwriter_style":"inherit","newspack_sponsor_underwriter_placement":"inherit","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"_primary_brand":0,"newspack_featured_image_position":"","newspack_post_subtitle":"","newspack_article_summary_title":"Overview:","newspack_article_summary":"","newspack_hide_updated_date":false,"newspack_show_updated_date":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[633,7138,322],"brand":[],"newspack_spnsrs_tax":[],"class_list":["post-639878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-_newspack_science","tag-enterprisepm","tag-health","tag-science","wpautop","entry"],"acf":{"mongo_id":"0d4b8ab6-c178-4802-989c-585b9080f8fe","order":"11","is_powered_by":false,"story_type":"1","photo_url":"https:\/\/ent.news\/2024\/8\/1319.jpg","photo_position":"above","homepage_title":"","full_issue_title":"","related_issue":[639863],"teaser":"Sleep as we know it has transformed from era to era and culture to culture","voice_url":"https:\/\/s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/ent.news\/audio\/2024\/8\/.97c1fe0a-f09e-48c4-805f-03c669ebe717.mp3"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - 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Hosny stood trial for allegedly misappropriating EGP 9.8 mn during his tenure from 1987 to 2011. He was acquitted in 2013 but stood retrial following an appeal by the prosecution.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Egypt Politics + Economics&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Egypt Politics + Economics","link":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/category\/egypt-politics-economics\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ent.news\/internal\/536550.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":566062,"url":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/2021\/05\/25\/music-that-promises-better-sleep-less-stress\/","url_meta":{"origin":639878,"position":2},"title":"Music that promises better sleep, less stress","author":"enterpriseam admin","date":"25 May 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Binaural beats are being touted as a form of sound-wave therapy that helps reduce stress and anxiety, induce sleep, and enhance focus. While this might sound like hippy-dippy nonsense, the concept behind it is somewhat rooted in science \u2014 as long as you listen using headphones or earbuds, according to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;ARTS &amp; CULTURE&quot;","block_context":{"text":"ARTS &amp; CULTURE","link":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/category\/arts-culture\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ent.news\/2021\/5\/446.jpg?fit=%2C&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":582041,"url":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/2023\/02\/10\/albert-einsteins-of-the-21st-century-where-you-at\/","url_meta":{"origin":639878,"position":3},"title":"Albert Einsteins of the 21st century, where you at?","author":"enterpriseam admin","date":"10 February 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Is the era of breakthrough scientific discoveries behind us? A recent study in scientific journal Nature found that disruptive science has been on the decline for decades, swapped out for more \u201citerative\u201d research that builds on existing work. The evidence? Look no further than the decline of novel patents, the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;SCIENCE AND TECH&quot;","block_context":{"text":"SCIENCE AND TECH","link":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/category\/science-and-tech\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ent.news\/2020\/9\/lab-1600px.jpg?fit=%2C&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":545388,"url":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/2022\/03\/24\/the-science-of-sleep\/","url_meta":{"origin":639878,"position":4},"title":"The science of sleep","author":"enterpriseam admin","date":"24 March 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"The science of sleep: We spend about a third of our life asleep, processing and sorting through everything we\u2019ve experienced while awake and giving our bodies the chance to regenerate for the day ahead. Getting a better night\u2019s rest is one of the most powerful ways we can boost our\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;HEALTH&quot;","block_context":{"text":"HEALTH","link":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/category\/health\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ent.news\/2022\/3\/560.jpg?fit=%2C&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":650969,"url":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/2017\/02\/01\/on-a-quiet-morning-for-egypt-in-the-news-elie-saab-loves-egypt\/","url_meta":{"origin":639878,"position":5},"title":"On a quiet morning for Egypt in the News: Elie Saab loves Egypt","author":"enterpriseam admin","date":"1 February 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"It\u2019s another beautifully quiet morning for Egypt in the international press, with Omm El Donia being largely confined to the sports page ahead of the Africa Cup of Nations match with Burkina Faso tonight. All eyes, it seems, rest squarely on Washington. We wouldn\u2019t complain if it stayed that way\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;EGYPT IN THE NEWS&quot;","block_context":{"text":"EGYPT IN THE NEWS","link":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/category\/egypt-in-the-news\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ent.news\/2017\/2\/500.jpg?fit=%2C&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/639878","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=639878"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/639878\/revisions"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/afternoon\/639863"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/639879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=639878"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=639878"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=639878"},{"taxonomy":"brand","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/brand?post=639878"},{"taxonomy":"newspack_spnsrs_tax","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/enterpriseam.com\/egypt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/newspack_spnsrs_tax?post=639878"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}